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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ARD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Aerosol Research Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ARD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Aerosol Research Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2940-3405</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/ar-2026-14</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Co-condensation and co-evaporation of levoglucosan onto and from deliquesced ammonium sulfate particles &amp;ndash; influence of relative humidity, particle mass and size, and presence of a surfactant</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Jian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>Junteng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sapkal</surname>
<given-names>Mayur Gajanan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9199-0156</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Grisillon</surname>
<given-names>Jim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Deshmukh</surname>
<given-names>Shravan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5110-1969</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Temime Roussel</surname>
<given-names>Brice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kammer</surname>
<given-names>Julien</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-9872</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brun</surname>
<given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Robert-Peillard</surname>
<given-names>Fabien</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Luo</surname>
<given-names>Beiping</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1629-881X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kleinheins</surname>
<given-names>Judith</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6597-9983</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Henning</surname>
<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9267-7825</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Picquet-Varrault</surname>
<given-names>Bénédicte</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5158-8703</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pangui</surname>
<given-names>Edouard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cazaunau</surname>
<given-names>Mathieu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kanji</surname>
<given-names>Zamin A.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-3921</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Marcolli</surname>
<given-names>Claudia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-8722</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Monod</surname>
<given-names>Anne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, OPGC, LaMP, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318 Leipzig, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>now at: Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>These authors contributed equally to this work.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jian Xu et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://ar.copernicus.org/preprints/ar-2026-14/">This article is available from https://ar.copernicus.org/preprints/ar-2026-14/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://ar.copernicus.org/preprints/ar-2026-14/ar-2026-14.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://ar.copernicus.org/preprints/ar-2026-14/ar-2026-14.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Co-condensation is the process by which condensable vapors condense alongside water vapor onto growing aerosols, and it can significantly alter the properties of clouds. Semi-volatile species partition dynamically between the gas and the condensed phases, and their co-condensation together with water vapor may increase the condensed mass and amplify water uptake. Although this process is based on thermodynamics and has been simulated in models, it has been scarcely investigated experimentally. In this study, the ability of levoglucosan to co-condense and co-evaporate from inorganic particles together with water was investigated by monitoring, under ambient-like conditions, its gas-particle partitioning on ammonium sulfate (AS) monodispersed particles in the Experimental Multiphasic Atmospheric Simulation Chamber (CESAM). The net evaporation flux of levoglucosan depending on particle size and the presence of a surfactant was explored for relative humidities (RH) from 100 % to dry conditions as particle concentration in the chamber was reduced. Due to the high deliquescence point of AS, wet experiments were initialized at RH above 80 %. Co-condensation of levoglucosan was observed when RH increased up to 100 %, while co-evaporation of levoglucosan occurred when RH decreased. It was shown that gas-particle partitioning of levoglucosan was sensitive to all the investigated parameters, but the main drivers were the levoglucosan-to-sulfate mass ratios and RH. The effect of the levoglucosan-to-sulfate mass ratio was interpreted as salting-out, and the significant influence of RH provides experimental proof of co-evaporation or co-condensation of levoglucosan from or onto AS particles.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="23"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Agence Nationale de la Recherche</funding-source>
<award-id>ANR-20-CE93-0008-01</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung</funding-source>
<award-id>SNSF #197149</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>H2020 Research Infrastructures</funding-source>
<award-id>ACTRIS 101008004</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs4">
<funding-source>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</funding-source>
<award-id>LEFE-ChAT SURFACT project</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs5">
<funding-source>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</funding-source>
<award-id>IRC CNRS – Univ. Arizona grant INSPIRE project</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
</back>
</article>