Articles | Volume 2, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-31-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-31-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Mar 2024
Research article |
| 19 Mar 2024
| 19 Mar 2024
Photocatalytic chloride-to-chlorine conversion by ionic iron in aqueous aerosols: a combined experimental, quantum chemical, and chemical equilibrium model study
Marie K. Mikkelsen
Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Jesper B. Liisberg
Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Maarten M. J. W. van Herpen
Acacia Impact Innovation, Maarten van Herpen, Bernheze 5384 BB, the Netherlands
Kurt V. Mikkelsen
Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
Viewed
Total article views: 6,294 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 12 Oct 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,639 | 1,465 | 190 | 6,294 | 215 | 287 |
- HTML: 4,639
- PDF: 1,465
- XML: 190
- Total: 6,294
- BibTeX: 215
- EndNote: 287
Total article views: 5,444 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 19 Mar 2024)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,227 | 1,057 | 160 | 5,444 | 207 | 274 |
- HTML: 4,227
- PDF: 1,057
- XML: 160
- Total: 5,444
- BibTeX: 207
- EndNote: 274
Total article views: 850 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 12 Oct 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 412 | 408 | 30 | 850 | 8 | 13 |
- HTML: 412
- PDF: 408
- XML: 30
- Total: 850
- BibTeX: 8
- EndNote: 13
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 6,294 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,962 with geography defined
and 332 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 5,444 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,138 with geography defined
and 306 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 850 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 824 with geography defined
and 26 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Evaluating the potential of iron-based interventions in methane reduction and climate mitigation D. Meidan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad3d72
- Physical and practical constraints on atmospheric methane removal technologies L. Pennacchio et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad7041
- Catalytic Efficiencies for Methane Removal: Impact of HOx, NOx, and Chemistry in the High-Chlorine Regime L. Pennacchio et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00283
- Seasonal variation in volatile organic compound emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation from unconventional oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford Shale K. Konon et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.122368
- Electronic excitation in manganese(II) chlorides MnCln2−n for n = 1..3 N. Jakobsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2024.141831
- HOCl Formation Driven by Photochemical Processes Enhanced Atmospheric Oxidation Capacity in a Coastal Atmosphere G. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c01363
- Tropospheric methane remediation by enhancing chlorine sinks Q. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00716F
- Impact of Reactive Chlorine on Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity in a Snowy Polluted Environment X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08841
- Physicochemical processes as an alternative to biological removal of azoles from wastewater J. Płatkiewicz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.124366
- Satellite quantification of enhanced methane oxidation applied to the stratospheric plume following Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption M. van Herpen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72191-4
- LMCT‐Driven Iron Photocatalysis: Mechanistic Insights and Synthetic Applications A. Chaudhuri et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202502185
- A review of prominent emerging technologies for atmospheric methane reduction T. Ayua & M. Daboe https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-026-03915-1
- Intended and unintended consequences of atmospheric methane oxidation enhancement H. Horowitz https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9471-2026
- Photochemical Generation of Cl Radicals from Iron Chloride/Sodium Chloride Salt Pans M. Polat et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5c01981
- Free Radical Multiphase Chemistry on Tropospheric Photoreactive Particles Y. Zuo et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6c00549
- Monomer-coordination synthesis of Fe-Nx nanofiber catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction X. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.240106
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Evaluating the potential of iron-based interventions in methane reduction and climate mitigation D. Meidan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad3d72
- Physical and practical constraints on atmospheric methane removal technologies L. Pennacchio et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad7041
- Catalytic Efficiencies for Methane Removal: Impact of HOx, NOx, and Chemistry in the High-Chlorine Regime L. Pennacchio et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00283
- Seasonal variation in volatile organic compound emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation from unconventional oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford Shale K. Konon et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.122368
- Electronic excitation in manganese(II) chlorides MnCln2−n for n = 1..3 N. Jakobsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2024.141831
- HOCl Formation Driven by Photochemical Processes Enhanced Atmospheric Oxidation Capacity in a Coastal Atmosphere G. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c01363
- Tropospheric methane remediation by enhancing chlorine sinks Q. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00716F
- Impact of Reactive Chlorine on Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity in a Snowy Polluted Environment X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08841
- Physicochemical processes as an alternative to biological removal of azoles from wastewater J. Płatkiewicz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.124366
- Satellite quantification of enhanced methane oxidation applied to the stratospheric plume following Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption M. van Herpen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72191-4
- LMCT‐Driven Iron Photocatalysis: Mechanistic Insights and Synthetic Applications A. Chaudhuri et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202502185
- A review of prominent emerging technologies for atmospheric methane reduction T. Ayua & M. Daboe https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-026-03915-1
- Intended and unintended consequences of atmospheric methane oxidation enhancement H. Horowitz https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9471-2026
- Photochemical Generation of Cl Radicals from Iron Chloride/Sodium Chloride Salt Pans M. Polat et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5c01981
- Free Radical Multiphase Chemistry on Tropospheric Photoreactive Particles Y. Zuo et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6c00549
- Monomer-coordination synthesis of Fe-Nx nanofiber catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction X. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.240106
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 23 Oct 2026
Short summary
We analyze the mechanism whereby sunlight and iron catalyze the production of chlorine from chloride in sea spray aerosol. This process occurs naturally over the North Atlantic and is the single most important source of chlorine. We investigate the mechanism using quantum chemistry, laboratory experiments, and aqueous chemistry modelling. The process will change depending on competing ions, light distribution, acidity, and chloride concentration.
We analyze the mechanism whereby sunlight and iron catalyze the production of chlorine from...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint