Cantrell, C. A., Shetter, R. E., McDaniel, A. H., Calvert, J. G., Davidson, J. A., Lowe, D. C., Tyler, S. C., Cicerone, R. J., and Greenberg, J. P.: Carbon kinetic isotope effect in the oxidation of methane by the hydroxyl radical, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 95, 22455–22462, 1990. a
Chang, S. and Allen, D. T.: Atmospheric chlorine chemistry in southeast Texas: Impacts on ozone formation and control, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 251–262, 2006. a
Chen, H., Nanayakkara, C. E., and Grassian, V. H.: Titanium dioxide photocatalysis in atmospheric chemistry, Chem. Rev., 112, 5919–5948, 2012.
a,
b
Fenton, H. J. H.: Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron, Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 65, 899–910, 1894. a
Francl, M. M., Pietro, W. J., Hehre, W. J., Binkley, J. S., Gordon, M. S., DeFrees, D. J., and Pople, J. A.: Self-consistent molecular orbital methods. XXIII. A polarization-type basis set for second-row elements, The J. Chem. Phys., 77, 3654–3665, 1982.
a,
b
Frisch, M. J., Trucks, G. W., Schlegel, H. B., Scuseria, G. E., Robb, M. A., Cheeseman, J. R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Petersson, G. A., Nakatsuji, H., Li, X., Caricato, M., Marenich, A. V., Bloino, J., Janesko, B. G., Gomperts, R., Mennucci, B., Hratchian, H. P., Ortiz, J. V., Izmaylov, A. F., Sonnenberg, J. L., Williams-Young, D., Ding, F., Lipparini, F., Egidi, F., Goings, J., Peng, B., Petrone, A., Henderson, T., Ranasinghe, D., Zakrzewski, V. G., Gao, J., Rega, N., Zheng, G., Liang, W., Hada, M., Ehara, M., Toyota, K., Fukuda, R., Hasegawa, J., Ishida, M., Nakajima, T., Honda, Y., Kitao, O., Nakai, H., Vreven, T., Throssell, K., Montgomery, Jr., J. A., Peralta, J. E., Ogliaro, F., Bearpark, M. J., Heyd, J. J., Brothers, E. N., Kudin, K. N., Staroverov, V. N., Keith, T. A., Kobayashi, R., Normand, J., Raghavachari, K., Rendell, A. P., Burant, J. C., Iyengar, S. S., Tomasi, J., Cossi, M., Millam, J. M., Klene, M., Adamo, C., Cammi, R., Ochterski, J. W., Martin, R. L., Morokuma, K., Farkas, O., Foresman, J. B., and Fox, D. J.: Gaussian˜16 Revision C.01, gaussian Inc. Wallingford CT, 2016.
a,
b
Gamlen, G. and Jordan, D.: 295. A spectrophotometric study of the iron (III) chloro-complexes, J. Chem. Soc. (Resumed), 295, 1435–1443, 1953. a
Gromov, S., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., and Jöckel, P.: A very limited role of tropospheric chlorine as a sink of the greenhouse gas methane, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9831–9843,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9831-2018, 2018.
a
Gustafsson, J. P.: Visual MINTEQ ver. 3.1 [software],
https://vminteq.com/download/ (last access: 17 March 2024), 2014. a
Harnung, S. E. and Johnson, M. S.: Chemistry and the Environment, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-02155-6, 427 pp., 2012.
a,
b,
c,
d
Hossaini, R., Chipperfield, M. P., Saiz-Lopez, A., Fernandez, R., Monks, S., Feng, W., Brauer, P., and Von Glasow, R.: A global model of tropospheric chlorine chemistry: Organic versus inorganic sources and impact on methane oxidation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 14–271, 2016. a
Hsu, S.-C., Liu, S. C., Arimoto, R., Shiah, F.-K., Gong, G.-C., Huang, Y.-T., Kao, S.-J., Chen, J.-P., Lin, F.-J., Lin, C.-Y., and Huang, J. C.: Effects of acidic processing, transport history, and dust and sea salt loadings on the dissolution of iron from Asian dust, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D19313,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013442, 2010.
a,
b
Johnson, M., Feilberg, K., von Hessberg, P., and Nielsen, O.: Isotopic processes in atmospheric chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev., 31, 313–323, 2002. a
Knipping, E. M. and Dabdub, D.: Impact of chlorine emissions from sea-salt aerosol on coastal urban ozone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 275–284, 2003. a
Korte, D., Bruzzoniti, M. C., Sarzanini, C., and Franko, M.: Influence of foreign ions on determination of ionic Ag in water by formation of nanoparticles in a FIA-TLS system, Anal. Lett., 44, 2901–2910, 2011. a
Lawler, M. J., Sander, R., Carpenter, L. J., Lee, J. D., von Glasow, R., Sommariva, R., and Saltzman, E. S.: HOCl and Cl
2 observations in marine air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7617–7628,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7617-2011, 2011.
a
Li, Q., Fernandez, R. P., Hossaini, R., Iglesias-Suarez, F., Cuevas, C. A., Apel, E. C., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J.-F., and Saiz-Lopez, A.: Reactive halogens increase the global methane lifetime and radiative forcing in the 21st century, Nat. Commun., 13, 2768, 2022. a
Li, Q., Meidan, D., Hess, P., Añel, J. A., Cuevas, C. A., Doney, S., Fernandez, R. P., van Herpen, M., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Johnson, M.S., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J.-F., Röckmann, T., Mahowald, N. M., and Saiz-Lopez, A.: Global environmental implications of atmospheric methane removal through chlorine-mediated chemistry-climate interactions, Nat. Commun., 14, 4045,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39794-7, 2023.
a
Lindén, L., Rabek, J., Kaczmarek, H., Kaminska, A., and Scoponi, M.: Photooxidative degradation of polymers by HO and HO
2 radicals generated during the photolysis of H
2O
2, FeCl
3, and Fenton reagents, Coordin. Chem. Rev., 125, 195–217, 1993.
a,
b
Loures, C. C., Alcântara, M. A., Izário Filho, H. J., Teixeira, A., Silva, F. T., Paiva, T. C., and Samanamud, G.: Advanced oxidative degradation processes: fundamentals and applications, Int. Rev. Chem. Eng., 5, 102–120, 2013. a
Madronich, S., Flocke, S., Zeng, J., Petropavlovskikh, I., and Lee-Taylor, J.: Tropospheric ultraviolet and visible (TUV) radiation model,
http://www.acd.ucar.edu/TUV (last access: 17 March 2024), 2002.
a,
b
Mak, J. E., Kra, G., Sandomenico, T., and Bergamaschi, P.: The seasonally varying isotopic composition of the sources of carbon monoxide at Barbados, West Indies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4635,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003419, 2003.
a
Maric, D., Burrows, J., Meller, R., and Moortgat, G.: A study of the UV-visible absorption spectrum of molecular chlorine, J. Photoch. Photobio. A, 70, 205–214, 1993. a
McLean, A. and Chandler, G.: Contracted Gaussian basis sets for molecular calculations. I. Second row atoms,
Z=11–18, The J. Chem. Phys., 72, 5639–5648, 1980.
a,
b
Meyer-Oeste, F. D.: Troposphere cooling procedure, F. D. Meyer-Oeste, Method for cooling the troposphere, WIPO(PCT) WO2010075856A2, 8 July 2010, 2014. a
Midi, N. S., Sasaki, K., Ohyama, R.-I., and Shinyashiki, N.: Broadband complex dielectric constants of water and sodium chloride aqueous solutions with different DC conductivities, IEEJ T. Electr. Electr., 9, S8–S12, 2014. a
Nadtochenko, V. A. and Kiwi, J.: Photolysis of FeOH
2+ and FeCl
2+ in aqueous solution. Photodissociation kinetics and quantum yields, Inorg. Chem., 37, 5233–5238, 1998.
a,
b
Nielsen, L. S. and Bilde, M.: Exploring controlling factors for sea spray aerosol production: temperature, inorganic ions and organic surfactants, Tellus B, 72, 1–10, 2020. a
Oeste, F. D.: Ferrous aerosol emission method for self-releasing cooling of atmosphere, involves adding compound of iron and/or bromine and/or chlorine to solid fuel and/or gas fuel and mixing flue gases of solid fuel and/or gas fuel, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt DE102009004281A, 7 pp., 2009.
a,
b
Ponczek, M. and George, C.: Kinetics and product formation during the photooxidation of butanol on atmospheric mineral dust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 5191–5198, 2018. a
Read, K., Lee, J., Lewis, A., Moller, S., Mendes, L., and Carpenter, L.: Intra-annual cycles of NMVOC in the tropical marine boundary layer and their use for interpreting seasonal variability in CO, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D21303,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011879, 2009.
a
Saueressig, G., Bergamaschi, P., Crowley, J., Fischer, H., and Harris, G.: Carbon kinetic isotope effect in the reaction of CH
4 with Cl atoms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1225–1228, 1995.
a,
b
Saueressig, G., Crowley, J. N., Bergamaschi, P., Brühl, C., Brenninkmeijer, C. A., and Fischer, H.: Carbon 13 and D kinetic isotope effects in the reactions of CH
4 with O(1D) and OH: new laboratory measurements and their implications for the isotopic composition of stratospheric methane, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 23127–23138, 2001.
a,
b
Sherwen, T., Schmidt, J. A., Evans, M. J., Carpenter, L. J., Großmann, K., Eastham, S. D., Jacob, D. J., Dix, B., Koenig, T. K., Sinreich, R., Ortega, I., Volkamer, R., Saiz-Lopez, A., Prados-Roman, C., Mahajan, A. S., and Ordóñez, C.: Global impacts of tropospheric halogens (Cl, Br, I) on oxidants and composition in GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12239–12271,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12239-2016, 2016.
a
Simpson, W. R., Brown, S. S., Saiz-Lopez, A., Thornton, J. A., and von Glasow, R.: Tropospheric Halogen Chemistry: Sources, Cycling, and Impacts, Chem. Rev., 115, 4035–4062,
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5006638, 2015.
a
Spitznagel, G. W., Clark, T., von Ragué Schleyer, P., and Hehre, W. J.: An evaluation of the performance of diffuse function-augmented basis sets for second row elements, Na-Cl, J. Comput. Chem., 8, 1109–1116, 1987.
a,
b
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J.: Aquatic chemistry: chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 1118591488, 1022 pp., 2012.
a,
b
Tagirov, B. R., Diakonov, I. I., Devina, O. A., and Zotov, A. V.: Standard ferric–ferrous potential and stability of FeCl
2+ to 90 °C. Thermodynamic properties of Fe
(aq)3+ and ferric-chloride species, Chem. Geol., 162, 193–219, 2000.
a,
b
Tomasi, J., Mennucci, B., and Cancès, E.: The IEF version of the PCM solvation method: an overview of a new method addressed to study molecular solutes at the QM ab initio level, J. Mol. Struct., 464, 211–226,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-1280(98)00553-3, 1999.
a
Uchikoshi, M., Akiyama, D., Kimijima, K., and Shinoda, K.: The Distribution and Structures of Ferric Aqua and Chloro Complexes in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions, Isij International, 62, 912–921, 2022.
a,
b
van Herpen, M. M., Li, Q., Saiz-Lopez, A., Liisberg, J. B., Röckmann, T., Cuevas, C. A., Fernandez, R. P., Mak, J. E., Mahowald, N. M., Hess, P., Meidan, D., Stuut, J.-B., and Johnson M. S.: Photocatalytic chlorine atom production on mineral dust–sea spray aerosols over the North Atlantic, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 120, e2303974120,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2303974120, 2023.
a,
b
Wang, X., Jacob, D. J., Eastham, S. D., Sulprizio, M. P., Zhu, L., Chen, Q., Alexander, B., Sherwen, T., Evans, M. J., Lee, B. H., Haskins, J. D., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Thornton, J. A., Huey, G. L., and Liao, H.: The role of chlorine in global tropospheric chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3981–4003,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3981-2019, 2019.
a
Wittmer, J. and Zetzsch, C.: Photochemical activation of chlorine by iron-oxide aerosol, J. Atmos. Chem., 74, 187–204, 2017.
a,
b
Yanai, T., Tew, D. P., and Handy, N. C.: A new hybrid exchange–correlation functional using the Coulomb-attenuating method (CAM-B3LYP), Chem. Phys. Lett., 393, 51–57, 2004.
a,
b
Young, C. J., Washenfelder, R. A., Edwards, P. M., Parrish, D. D., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., Mielke, L. H., Osthoff, H. D., Tsai, C., Pikelnaya, O., Stutz, J., Veres, P. R., Roberts, J. M., Griffith, S., Dusanter, S., Stevens, P. S., Flynn, J., Grossberg, N., Lefer, B., Holloway, J. S., Peischl, J., Ryerson, T. B., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., and Brown, S. S.: Chlorine as a primary radical: evaluation of methods to understand its role in initiation of oxidative cycles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3427–3440,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3427-2014, 2014.
a
Zhu, X., Prospero, J. M., Savoie, D. L., Millero, F. J., Zika, R. G., and Saltzman, E. S.: Photoreduction of iron (III) in marine mineral aerosol solutions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 9039–9046, 1993.
a,
b,
c
