Articles | Volume 4, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-1-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-1-2026
Research article
 | 
07 Jan 2026
Research article |  | 07 Jan 2026

Thermodynamic benchmarking of hydrated atmospheric clusters in early particle formation

Ivo Neefjes, Yosef Knattrup, Haide Wu, Georg Baadsgaard Trolle, Jonas Elm, and Jakub Kubečka

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Short summary
We investigated how water vapor affects the earliest steps of atmospheric aerosol formation, a key process influencing clouds and climate. By benchmarking quantum-chemical methods, we identified reliable approaches for modeling hydrated molecular clusters of common atmospheric acids and bases. We show that humidity moderately stabilizes certain clusters but only modestly alters particle formation rates. These findings sharpen our understanding of clusters and their role in aerosol formation.
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