Aerosol Research
Aerosol Research
Aerosol Research
Articles | Volume 4, issue 2
Articles | Volume 4, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-547-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-547-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 4, issue 2
Research article
 | 
04 Nov 2026
Research article |  | 04 Nov 2026

Inhalation of small particles (PM2.5) in urban road tunnels and underground in Madrid (Spain) – a citizen science project

Ángel López-Encuentra, Esther Gil Cid, and Luis Miguel Pozo Coronado

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Short summary
In road tunnels and the metro, there are small toxic airborne particles (PM2.5). In Madrid (Spain), there is no public information on PM2.5 in these infrastructures. One alternative is for citizen scientists to use validated low-cost sensors. Data from these sensors were compared with reference station data; their correlation was high. PM2.5 levels in Madrid’s tunnels and metro exceed 10 µg m–3 and are above the 2011 World Health Organization guideline.
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