AU-Richtlinie: Richtlinie für die Durchführung der Untersuchung der Abgase von Kraftfahrzeugen nach Nummer 4.8.2 der Anlage VIIIa StVZO und für die Durchführung von Abgasuntersuchungen an Kraftfahrzeugen nach
§ 47a StVZO (AU-Richtlinie), Stand 2021,
https://beck-online.beck.de/Dokument?vpath=bibdata%5Cges%5Cbrd_013_2008_0196%5Ccont%5Cbrd_013_2008_0196.htm, last access: 29 July 2024.
Dhaniyala, S., Fierz, M., Keskinen, J., and Marjamäki, M.: Instruments Based on Electrical Detection of Aerosols Aerosol Measurement, in: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, edited by: Kulkarni, P., Baron, P. A., and Willeke, K., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118001684.ch18, 2011.
Ess, M. N. and Vasilatou, K.: Characterization of a new miniCAST with diffusion flame and premixed flame options: Generation of particles with high EC content in the size range 30 nm to 200 nm, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 53, 29–44, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2018.1536818, 2019.
Ess, M. N., Bertò, M., Keller, A., Gysel-Beer, M., and Vasilatou, K.: Coated soot particles with tunable, well-controlled properties generated in the laboratory with a miniCAST BC and a micro smog chamber, J. Aerosol Sci., 157, 105820, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105820, 2021a.
Ess, M. N., Bertò, M., Irwin, M., Modini, R. L., Gysel-Beer, M., and Vasilatou, K.: Optical and morphological properties of soot particles generated by the miniCAST 5201 BC generator, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 55, 828–847, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2021.1901847, 2021b.
EU: COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION (EU) 2023/688 of 20 March 2023 on particle number measurement for the periodic technical inspection of vehicles equipped with compression ignition engines, Official Journal of the European Union, (715), 46–64,
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023H0688 (last access: 29 July 2024), 2023.
Fierz, M., Houle, C., Steigmeier, P., and Burtscher, H.: Design, calibration, and field performance of a miniature diffusion size classifier, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.516283, 2011.
Filippov, A. V., Zurita, M., and Rosner, D. E.: Fractal-like aggregates: Relation between morphology and physical properties, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 229, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7027, 2000.
Giechaskiel, B. and Melas, A.: Comparison of Particle Sizers and Counters with Soot-like, Salt, and Silver Particles, Atmosphere-Basel, 13, 1675, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101675, 2022.
Giechaskiel, B., Forloni, F., Carriero, M., Baldini, G., Castellano, P., Vermeulen, R., Kontses, D., Fragkiadoulakis, P., Samaras, Z., and Fontaras, G.: Effect of Tampering on On-Road and Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Emissions, Sustainability, 14, 6065, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106065, 2022.
Hays, M. D., Preston, W., George, B. J., George, I. J., Snow, R., Faircloth, J., Long, T., Baldauf, R. W., and McDonald, J.: Temperature and Driving Cycle Significantly Affect Carbonaceous Gas and Particle Matter Emissions from Diesel Trucks, Energy and Fuels, 31, 11034–11042, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01446, 2017.
Kazemimanesh, M., Moallemi, A., Thomson, K., Smallwood, G., Lobo, P. and Olfert, J. S.: A novel miniature inverted-flame burner for the generation of soot nanoparticles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 53, 184–195, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2018.1556774, 2019.
Kheirbek, I., Haney, J., Douglas, S., Ito, K., and Matte, T.: The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to ambient fine particulate matter public health impacts in New York City: A health burden assessment, Environ. Health-UK, 15, 89, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0172-6, 2016.
Lehtimäki, M.: Modified Electrical Aerosol Detector, in: Aerosols in the Mining and Industrial Work Environments: Instrumentation, edited by: Liu, B. Y. H. and Marple, V. A., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 3, 1135–1143, 1983.
Mandelbrot, B. B.: The fractal geometry of nature, Freeman, W. H., San Francisco, 1982.
Melas, A., Selleri, T., Suarez-Bertoa, R., and Giechaskiel, B.: Evaluation of solid particle number sensors for periodic technical inspection of passenger cars, Sensors, 21, 8325, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248325, 2021.
Melas, A., Selleri, T., Suarez-Bertoa, R., and Giechaskiel, B.: Evaluation of Measurement Procedures for Solid Particle Number (SPN) Measurements during the Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI) of Vehicles, Int. J. Environ. Res. Pu., 19, 7602, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137602, 2022.
Melas, A., Vasilatou, K., Suarez-Bertoa, R., and Giechaskiel, B.: Laboratory measurements with solid particle number instruments designed for periodic technical inspection (PTI) of vehicles, Measurement, 215, 112839, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.112839, 2023.
Melas, A. D., Isella, L., Konstandopoulos, A. G., and Drossinos, Y.: Friction coefficient and mobility radius of fractal-like aggregates in the transition regime, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 48, 1320–1331, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.985781, 2014.
Moallemi, A., Kazemimanesh, M., Corbin, J. C., Thomson, K., Smallwood, G., Olfert, J. S., and Lobo, P.: Characterization of black carbon particles generated by a propane-fueled miniature inverted soot generator, J. Aerosol Sci., 135, 46–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2019.05.004, 2019.
NMi: Proposal Particulate Number Counters,
https://nmi.nl/special-particle-number-counters/, last access: 29 July 2024.
Olfert, J. and Rogak, S.: Universal relations between soot effective density and primary particle size for common combustion sources, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 53, 485–492, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1577949, 2019.
Pang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Kong, S., Liu, F., Shi, Z., and Li, W.: Quantifying the Fractal Dimension and Morphology of Individual Atmospheric Soot Aggregates, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036055, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036055, 2022.
Pang, Y., Chen, M., Wang, Y., Chen, X., Teng, X., Kong, S., Zheng, Z., and Li, W.: Morphology and Fractal Dimension of Size-Resolved Soot Particles Emitted From Combustion Sources, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037711, 2023.
PTB: PTB-Anforderungen 12.16 “Partikelzähler” (05/2021), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, 20 pp., https://doi.org/10.7795/510.20210623, 2021.
Senaratne, A., Olfert, J., Smallwood, G., Liu, F., Lobo, P., and Corbin, J. C.: Size and light absorption of miniature-inverted-soot-generator particles during operation with various fuel mixtures, J. Aerosol Sci., 170, 106144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106144, 2023.
Sorensen, C. M.: The mobility of fractal aggregates: A review, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 765–779, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2011.560909, 2011.
Tavakoli, F. and Olfert, J. S.: Determination of particle mass, effective density, mass-mobility exponent, and dynamic shape factor using an aerodynamic aerosol classifier and a differential mobility analyzer in tandem, J. Aerosol Sci., 75, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.04.010, 2014.
UVEK: Verordnung des UVEK über Wartung und Nachkontrolle von Motorwagen betreffend Abgas- und Rauchemissionen (SR 741.437), 1–18,
https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2002/596/de (last access: 29 July 2024), 2023.
VAMV: Verordnung des EJPD über Abgasmessmittel für Verbrennungsmotoren (VAMV),
https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2006/251/de (last access: 29 July 2024), 2018.
Vasilatou, K., Kok, P., Pratzler, S., Nowak, A., Waheed, A., Buekenhoudt, P., Auderset, K., and Andres, H.: New periodic technical inspection of diesel engines based on particle number concentration measurements, OIML Bulletin, LXIII, 11–16,
https://www.oiml.org/en/publications/bulletin/pdf/oiml_bulletin_july_2022.pdf (last access: 29 July 2024), 2022.
Vasilatou, K., Wälchli, C., Auderset, K., Burtscher, H., Hammer, T., Giechaskiel, B., and Melas, A.: Effects of the test aerosol on the performance of periodic technical inspection particle counters, J. Aerosol Sci., 172, 106182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106182, 2023.
Wang, Y., Liu, F., He, C., Bi, L., Cheng, T., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Shi, Z. and Li, W.: Fractal Dimensions and Mixing Structures of Soot Particles during Atmospheric Processing, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 4, 487–493, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00418, 2017.
Wihersaari, H., Pirjola, L., Karjalainen, P., Saukko, E., Kuuluvainen, H., Kulmala, K., Keskinen, J., and Rönkkö, T.: Particulate emissions of a modern diesel passenger car under laboratory and real-world transient driving conditions, Environ. Pollut., 265, 114948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114948, 2020.
World Health Organization (WHO): WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, WHO, 273 pp.,
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329 (last access: 29 July 2024), 2021.
